An appraisal is a written opinion of real estate
value as of a specific date. Prepared by a qualified appraiser, it represents
an independent and impartial analysis of all the relevant data. Because
market value is not apparent just by inspection, an appraisal is usually
required when a property is sold, taxed, insured, or financed.
In the aftermath of the $400 billion
savings and loan debacle in 1989, Congress passed a bill mandating that
all states set up licensing programs for appraisers. Their intent was
to help prevent the kind of shaky loans that led to the biggest taxpayer
bailout in history.
Licensed appraisers must adhere to the
Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP), which
became effective in 1993. These rules have established a high level
of professional and ethical standards which all licensed appraisers
must follow.
Industry standard forms are used for
most residential appraisals, but narrative reports are prepared for
complex residential and all commercial properties. All the reports contain
facts and analyses of the subject property, the neighborhood, and the
market. Most contain exhibits, including photographs of the subject
and comparable properties, a detailed scale sketch of the subject, a
map showing the subject in relation to the comparables, and a flood
plane map showing the subject. All appraisal reports contain a Statement
of Limiting Conditions and Appraiser's Certification.
At minimum, all states require appraisers
to be state licensed or certified in order to provide appraisals to
federally regulated lenders. Appraisers have fulfilled rigorous educational
and experience requirements and must adhere to strict standards and
a code of professional ethics. Qualified State Certified appraisers
bring knowledge, experience, impartiality and trust to the transaction.
In so doing, they help their clients make sound decisions with regard
to real property.
As stated above, most appraisals are
reported in writing, although in certain circumstances, an appraiser
may provide an oral appraisal. A written appraisal report generally
consists of: a description of the property and its locale; an analysis
of the "highest and best use" of the property; an analysis
of sales of comparable properties "as near the subject property
as possible"; and information regarding current real estate activity
and/or market area trends. The value indicated by recent sales of comparable
properties, the current cost of reproducing or replacing a building,
and the value that the property's net earning power will support are
the most important considerations in the valuation of real property.
In addition to residential or commercial
appraisal - and depending upon an appraiser's designation and qualifications
- he or she may be able to assist with the following: